The tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is primarily implemented through two technological approaches: direct and indirect. The direct system employs pressure sensors installed within each tyre to collect real-time air pressure and temperature data, transmits the signals to an in-vehicle receiver via radio frequency technology, processes the information to display precise readings, and activates audible-visual alarms when abnormalities are detected. The indirect system utilizes the vehicle's existing ABS wheel speed sensors to assess tyre pressure conditions by analyzing rotational speed variations among tyres. When a tyre's pressure drops significantly, causing a reduction in rolling radius, its rotational speed increases proportionally, prompting the system to trigger an alert. Some premium vehicle models incorporate a hybrid system that combines both technologies' advantages. This configuration installs direct sensors only on diagonally opposed tyres while employing four-wheel indirect monitoring, achieving an optimal balance between precision and cost-effectiveness. These systems effectively mitigate risks of tyre blowouts or increased fuel consumption resulting from abnormal tyre pressure. Vehicle owners are advised to perform regular system calibrations and heed dashboard warning indicators. Certain models further enhance driving safety by enabling real-time monitoring of individual tyre data through the vehicle's display interface.
