Hybrid technology refers to the integration of two or more power sources (such as a fuel engine and an electric motor) in the same vehicle, which work collaboratively through an intelligent control system to optimize energy efficiency and performance. Its core lies in dynamically distributing power according to driving conditions: electric drive is prioritized during start-up or low-speed travel (with zero emissions); the engine and motor output power together during acceleration or hill climbing; the engine operates efficiently and charges the battery during cruising; and energy is recovered during braking. Currently, mainstream hybrid systems are divided into series (where the engine only generates electricity), parallel (where both power sources can drive independently), and series-parallel (which combines the advantages of both). Among them, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) do not require external charging, while plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) support pure electric mode driving. Taking the Toyota Prius as an example, its Atkinson cycle engine has a thermal efficiency of 40%, and when combined with the motor, it can reduce fuel consumption by more than 30%. Common hybrid models in the local market also include the Honda City Hybrid, with a price range of approximately 80,000 to 150,000 Ringgit. The cost difference in vehicle purchase can be offset by fuel-saving benefits during long-term use.
