The Electronic Stability Program (ESP) is an active safety system that uses sensors to monitor vehicle dynamics in real time and automatically intervenes to correct the driving trajectory. It analyzes the deviation between the driver's intention and the actual driving state at a frequency of 25 times per second and restores vehicle stability by controlling engine output or applying brake pulses to specific wheels. For example, when making a sharp turn on a slippery road, if the rear wheels show a tendency to skid, ESP will brake the outer front wheel to counteract the rotational force; when understeer occurs, it will adjust the driving direction by braking the inner rear wheel. As an upgraded technology over ABS and TCS systems, modern ESP integrates extended functions such as lane keeping and adaptive cruise control, significantly improving the vehicle's controllability under extreme road conditions. The system does not entirely replace driver operation but alerts to risks through the dashboard warning light and assists in correction. Therefore, maintaining good tyre condition and reasonable speed remains fundamental to safe driving. Currently, most mainstream models come standard with ESP, and its effectiveness has been validated by mandatory installation regulations in regions such as the European Union.
