The two main categories of suspension systems are non-independent suspension and independent suspension. Non-independent suspension uses a solid axle to connect the wheels on both sides. When one wheel is impacted, the other moves synchronously. This structure is simple and durable but offers poor comfort, and is commonly found in commercial vehicles and hardcore off-road vehicles. Independent suspension allows the wheels on both sides to move independently, connecting to the vehicle body separately through elastic components such as coil springs. From a technical perspective, suspension performance depends on the coordinated tuning of parameters such as spring stiffness and shock absorber damping ratio. For instance, passenger cars typically feature a low natural frequency (0.8-1.5Hz) and moderate damping ratio (0.2-0.4) to optimize comfort, while off-road vehicles require a higher natural frequency (1.5-2.5Hz) and greater damping ratio to control suspension dynamic deflection. Current technological trends include adaptive damping systems (e.g., CDC dynamic chassis) and air suspension, which can adjust parameters in real time based on road conditions to accommodate diverse scenarios.
