ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) are divided into five main levels according to the internationally accepted SAE standards, with each level corresponding to different degrees of automation and functional scopes. Level L0 is no automation, only providing basic warning functions such as blind spot monitoring and collision warning, and is completely dependent on the driver's operation. Level L1 achieves single-function assistance, such as adaptive cruise control or lane keeping, and the driver still needs to take the lead in driving. Level L2 is partial automation, which can control the steering wheel and accelerator simultaneously, such as full-speed adaptive cruise control combined with lane centering function, but requires the driver to maintain monitoring. Level L3 is conditional automation, where the system can fully take over driving in specific scenarios (such as highways), but requires the driver to be ready to intervene at any time. Currently, Level L5 full-scenario autonomous driving has not yet been commercialized. Mainstream models in the Malaysian market are generally equipped with L1 to L2 functions, and some high-end models have begun to introduce L3 technology, but practical applications still need to comply with local regulations and road conditions. ADAS systems are designed to assist rather than replace drivers, and correct use can significantly improve driving safety and comfort.
