What are the 4 pillars of autonomous driving?

The four core pillars of autonomous driving technology include the perception system, decision-making system, execution system, and connected communication system. For example, Tesla's FSD adopts a pure vision solution, which can identify motorcycles weaving through traffic and traffic signals in Malaysia's complex road conditions. The decision-making system processes perception data using AI algorithms to plan paths and predict risks, as demonstrated by the dynamic path optimization capability of 9Sight's L4-level logistics vehicles during tests in Kuala Lumpur. The execution system translates decisions into vehicle control commands to ensure precise execution of actions like steering and braking; the autonomous logistics vehicles showcased by ALS have achieved fully automated loading and unloading in warehouse scenarios. The connected communication system enables real-time data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure, as well as other vehicles, through V2X technology. Malaysia's smart city initiatives are facilitating the coordinated deployment of 5G networks and traffic signals. Currently, the Malaysian market features both L2+ level passenger vehicle solutions like Tesla's FSD and L4-level logistics applications led by companies such as 9Sight, reflecting differentiated technology integration approaches across various scenarios.