What are the 3 P's of fatigue?

The three key factors of fatigue driving (3P's of Fatigue) include Physical Fatigue, Psychological Fatigue, and Performance Degradation. Physical fatigue refers to the decline in physical functions such as muscle tension and slowed reaction caused by prolonged driving; for example, driving continuously for more than 2 hours may increase braking reaction time by 0.5 seconds. Psychological fatigue manifests as distracted attention and impaired decision-making ability, which is more likely to occur particularly under monotonous road conditions. Notably, data from the Malaysian Ministry of Transport indicates that approximately 65% of fatigue-related traffic accidents involve a combination of these factors. Drivers are advised to take a 15-minute break every 2 hours, and fatigue monitoring systems installed in vehicles (such as steering wheel grip detection or facial recognition technology) can provide timely warnings. Currently, some local models like the Proton X70 are equipped with such features, alerting drivers through audible alarms and dashboard notifications.