Although the Battery Management System (BMS) is crucial to the safety and performance of electric vehicle battery packs, it still has some technical limitations. Passive balancing technology has low cost but suffers from high energy loss and low efficiency, while active balancing can improve energy efficiency but increases system costs by approximately 15-20% due to complex circuit design. Distributed architecture offers high reliability, but the failure rate of a single battery module's control unit may reach 0.5%, and CAN bus communication delays may affect real-time monitoring. Additionally, the BMS has limited capability to compensate for battery performance in low-temperature environments (below 5°C), potentially reducing driving range by up to 30%. Current mainstream solutions still struggle to completely eliminate cell-to-cell variations within battery packs, and the divergence in capacity degradation rates may widen to 10-15% after prolonged use. These technical bottlenecks directly impact the accuracy of residual value assessments for used electric vehicles and remain key focus areas for ongoing optimization of BMS algorithms in the industry.
