Modern vehicles are typically equipped with multiple braking systems to ensure driving safety, primarily including the service braking system, parking braking system, emergency braking system, and auxiliary braking system. The parking braking system prevents stationary vehicle movement via handbrake, foot brake, or electronic switch; mechanical cable mechanisms remain prevalent in economy vehicles, whereas Electronic Parking Brakes (EPB) are increasingly adopted in mid-to-high-end models. Functioning as a backup, the emergency braking system delivers braking force through independent circuits or mechanical linkages upon primary brake failure, with heavy commercial vehicles potentially featuring additional safety braking systems. Auxiliary braking systems like engine exhaust brakes or retarders alleviate brake pad stress during prolonged descents, enhancing durability. By energy type classification, passenger vehicles predominantly employ hydraulic servo braking (boosted braking), while commercial vehicles utilize pneumatic systems; regenerative braking systems in hybrid and electric vehicles convert kinetic energy into storable electrical energy. Notably, most vehicles achieve intelligent control through Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) and Electronic Stability Programs (ESP), with these electronic systems synergizing with conventional mechanical components to establish a comprehensive braking safety network.
