FCW (Forward Collision Warning) and AEB (Autonomous Emergency Braking) are two key active automotive safety technologies designed to enhance driving safety. When the system detects a potential collision risk, it alerts the driver to take braking or evasive action promptly through visual (e.g., dashboard warning lights), auditory (alarm sounds), and tactile (mild brake pulses) cues. If the driver fails to respond in time, the AEB system will intervene and apply the brakes automatically, capable of reducing the vehicle speed by up to 40 km/h to avoid a collision or mitigate its severity. However, its braking intervention has speed limitations (e.g., collisions may not be completely avoidable if the speed differential exceeds 40 km/h). They are suitable for urban congestion or high-speed following scenarios but have limited detection capabilities for low-lying obstacles, extreme weather conditions, or sudden changes in lighting. It is important to emphasize that they are both driver assistance functions and cannot replace human judgment; drivers must remain attentive and maintain a safe following distance. In the Malaysian market, most mainstream brand models have gradually adopted them as standard equipment or offer them as options, and their actual effectiveness depends on sensor types (such as the fusion of cameras and millimeter-wave radar) and the level of algorithm optimization.
