On September 16, the 2026 Leapmotor Technology Day, themed on 'Confidence', took place. A set of LEAP 5.0 vehicle architectures, as well as LWM world model intelligent driving, MM-i multimodal hybrid electric drive, and CTC3.0 high-voltage-low-voltage integrated battery, three core technologies, were released on site, showcasing the results of its self-developed achievements since its establishment 11 years ago.

On the same day, Leapmotor announced that the subscription for the additional share issuance on FAW's equity investment had passed the CSRC review and completed registration. China FAW, a central state-owned enterprise, officially became a strategic shareholder holding 5%. Beyond the 3.744 billion yuan, what Leapmotor truly obtained was the credit endorsement of a central enterprise and the systematic industrial resources backed by a central enterprise group.

The day the status was finalized coincided with the day technology was complemented, which didn't seem like a coincidence. When the two parties signed the contract last December, the cooperation direction specified was the joint development of plug-in hybrids and extended-range powertrains. What Leapmotor released that day was indeed its first plug-in hybrid electric drive, the MM-i. From FAW paying platform licensing fees to Leapmotor for the Hongqi project to opening CTC3.0 patents to the entire industry, Leapmotor is taking what it has accumulated over 11 years, taking it out of its own products, and placing it on the industry's shelves.

What is Leapmotor's Confidence Actually?

The first question this technology day aims to answer is what the two words 'Confidence' refer to.

Zhu Jiangming, founder, chairman, and CEO of Leapmotor Technology, elaborated on the situation of the domestic automotive industry and new energy brands in 2026. In a stage where the industry faces challenges, Leapmotor's monthly sales reached 100,000 units and it has been profitable for three consecutive half-years, demonstrating its significance. Daring to talk about investment in a contracting market itself requires a foundation.

The first layer of the foundation is R&D density. Leapmotor has a total of 10,000 employees, with 8,500 in R&D, and Sales, HR, Finance, and Public Relations totaling 1,500 people.

The second layer is full-domain self-research and deep self-manufacturing, autonomously controlling 65% of the vehicle cost, built 18 parts factories, with a platform universality rate of 90%. However, Zhu Jiangming set a bottom line for this model: core components developed and manufactured in-house must have PPM and 3mis superior to suppliers before being released to the market. Quality must be ensured first, and cost optimization comes second. This statement directly responds to the most common external doubts regarding vertical integration: self-research is not about saving money, but about keeping quality in our own hands.

The third layer is where the true confidence lies: these technologies already have buyers. There are 5 external partnerships for electronic systems, electric drives have received designations from 8 OEMs, and battery systems have 10 external partnerships.

The strongest piece of evidence is the Hongqi G117. In March 2025, an announcement from the FAW Electronic Bidding Platform stated that the joint development of the Hongqi brand G117 vehicle and the technical procurement of platform licensing fees had a buyer: Zhejiang Leapmotor. An OEM paying platform licensing fees to another OEM is in itself a recognition of status; this speaks more to the role Leapmotor plays in the industry than any self-positioning could.

Betting on 2027

LEAP 5.0 is not prepared for existing models; it bets on a brand that hasn't been born yet.

The architecture is divided into physical and electronic layers. The physical layer enlarges the cabin simultaneously along the X, Y, and Z axes. Integrating the super air conditioning unit and swapping out the powertrain increased cabin length by 19%. The vertical layout of shock absorbers plus miniaturized shock absorber tower packages increased front legroom width by 37.5%. The flat low floor plus native integrated smart lift roof increased cabin height by 63.7%, ultimately achieving a space utilization rate of over 100%. The electronic layer is Cloverleaf 5.0, featuring 48V power for the whole vehicle, vehicle-wide Ethernet, and Vehicle-Cloud AgentOS. The central domain controller makes decisions while other domain controllers only execute, compressing the total vehicle wiring harness to within 500 meters.

Cao Li, Head of Vehicle Product Line at Leapmotor Technology, described this new species more specifically. It might replace some hotel functions, camping scenarios, and temporary rest, even offices, and leisure cafes and restaurants. The premise he emphasized is worth noting: the strongest attribute of the second brand is first solving the problem of advanced assisted driving.

This also explains why Leapmotor set a hard metric for intelligent driving. Zhu Jiangming said the goal is to achieve 100 kilometers of no-touch driving in urban areas by the end of this year.

The second brand will start debuting and delivering in the fourth quarter of 2027. Leapmotor now sells 100,000+ units monthly, with the main sales range between 100,000 and 200,000 yuan. This is a clear upward move.

A 100% utilization rate is a scenario worth contemplating. Whether it can transform from a concept at the launch event into a reason for users to pay for will have to wait until 2027 for an answer.

Pressing Intelligent Driving Down to 100,000

Leapmotor's approach to intelligent driving is the reverse of others. Others use compute power and headcount to drive prices up, while Leapmotor wants to pack the same capabilities into the entire model line.

It is sufficient to clarify three things about the characteristics of LWM world model intelligent driving: it does not rely on BEV perception, does not depend on rule-based code, and LiDAR is used only for safety redundancy. The cloud base model is responsible for learning and inference, while the vehicle-side real-time model handles decision-making. Rules only provide a fallback for traffic regulations such as traffic lights, reducing code volume by 90%. Compute power can be deployed on different platforms of 200, 640, and 1280 TOPS. The result is advanced assisted driving reaching models under 100,000 yuan, including the A10.

Zhou Hongtao, Head of Electronic Product Line at Leapmotor Technology, put forward his own viewpoint. He does not believe that intelligent driving requires throwing money and piling up personnel to be produced, on the grounds that the vast majority of peers who previously invested thousands of people are now cutting back significantly. This judgment is consistent with Leapmotor's path. Since one cannot trade headcount for progress, one must find space in algorithm efficiency.

Leapmotor has sold 350,000 LiDAR-equipped model vehicles that can be upgraded for free to the world model version and used for free for a lifetime. Among them, the earliest over 10,000 units used the Orin X platform, while Leapmotor now primarily uses the Qualcomm 8650 platform. Porting is equivalent to redeveloping an entire set of algorithms. Zhu Jiangming explained the decision-making process: those over 10,000 older users bought early when AI chips were expensive; they spent so much money to support Leapmotor, so if it was not usable after purchase, they would feel very sad. Therefore, we are willing to spend even more effort to upgrade them.

Regarding catching up to Tesla FSD, his answer was quite clever. There is no comparability with Tesla; Chinese cars cannot go to the United States, and FSD cannot easily land in China either. This is unsolvable. You can say anything, because neither can outmatch the other.

To spread the cost, intelligent driving must increase volume. Leapmotor is on the path of using scale to replace adoption. The cost of this path is slowness, but the benefit is that once it is proven, the coverage will be larger than others.

Filling the Plug-in Hybrid Gap

MM-i is not just filling a power form; from the day it was defined, it has been aimed at the overseas market.

Wu Cun, Head of Electric Drive Product Line at Leapmotor Technology, stated the positioning very directly: mainly for foreign markets. The reason is that charging facilities abroad are backward, and the hybrid market will last another 5 to 10 years or even longer. Foreign users have higher requirements for medium-to-high speed acceleration capabilities, while Toyota and Honda's iMMD are very weak at medium-to-high speeds. He gave a comparison: acceleration from 80 km/h to 120 km/h for vehicles in the same class is generally 8 seconds, while Leapmotor can achieve 4.5 seconds. The essence of new energy is not to eliminate internal combustion engines, but to decarbonize. If hybrid technology can deliver a pure electric experience while reducing carbon emissions, it is new energy technology.

However, there is a consensus among multiple domestic brands this year that hybrid models with small batteries still have a market in China, and multiple models have already started to enter the market. Leapmotor promoting them vigorously in China cannot be ruled out.

With the release of MM-i, Leapmotor has completed its full power layout covering pure electric, extended range, and plug-in hybrid, spanning from A0 to D-class. The overseas expansion line is also well-aligned; products have entered 45 countries and regions globally, with over 1,000 overseas stores, and cumulative exports over the past two years of overseas business exceed 200,000 vehicles,

Leapmotor's Exclusive Strategy

Leapmotor doesn't sell parts; it sells a complete, proven solution.

Zhu Jiangming explained the external supply model very clearly. Collaboration with FAW and Stellantis is at the platform level, sharing platforms. There are two ways to implement it: one is produced in Leapmotor's factories, and one is produced in the partners' own factories, but Leapmotor provides a packaged kit of core components including battery packs, electric drives, all controllers, lights, etc. His judgment is that this core kit saves at least 1,000 to 2,000 yuan compared to the other party selecting multiple suppliers themselves, and it is faster, has shorter commissioning time, and lower risk.

It is worth noting that Leapmotor announced opening relevant patents for high-low voltage integration to the entire industry. OEMs usually treat patents as a moat. Companies willing to open source want the industry to follow their own standards; this is already the mindset of a supplier.

Discussing the issue of overseas collaboration reflected Zhu Jiangming's vision. He stated that automobiles must pursue localization and there is also collaborative space with domestic automakers. For example, many Chinese automakers have already built factories in Thailand. Leapmotor hopes not to build factories repeatedly; it is best to use their factories to reduce duplicate investment. This aligns with the concept of systematic overseas expansion that Leapmotor has always emphasized. Rather than each building factories from scratch, it is better to utilize existing capacity.

When discussing embodied intelligent robots, Zhu Jiangming was very pragmatic. He said humanoid robots are still in a very early stage; while they can move now, there is a long growth process before they can work. Short-term, humanoids will not be the focus. He values non-humanoid, shape-shifting embodied intelligence more. The criteria for judgment are whether they can complete work and whether costs can be lower.

Sharp Perspective: Technology and Innovation are the Foundation for the Future

Quite a bit was released at this technology day; what is truly noteworthy is where they are going. One part is for the 2027 second brand, another part is sold to shareholders like FAW, and a third part is directly opened to the entire industry.

Zhu Jiangming's attitude towards competition is very straightforward. He said competition is inevitable, and only competition can drive enterprise progress, allowing consumers to buy better products for less money. However, he simultaneously raised a premise: do not compete on the internet; we must truly compete on product strength.

Three lines are laid out at the same time: FAW's equity and powertrain collaboration, Stellantis's overseas channels, and the second brand's upward move in the fourth quarter of 2027.

The challenges are also real. Zhu Jiangming's own saying is to anticipate danger in times of peace; all things are unlikely to go smoothly. The industry has entered negative growth, and the larger the scale, the greater the difficulty in taking the next step up.

Zhu Jiangming stated: "Technology and innovation are the foundation for enterprises facing the future and are also the core competitiveness."

16 September, Hari Teknologi Leapmotor 2026 yang bertema "keyakinan" diadakan. Satu set arkitektur kenderaan penuh LEAP 5.0 dibentangkan di lokasi, bersama-sama Pemanduan Pintar Model Dunia LWM, Sistem Elektrik Hibrid Multimodal MM-i, dan Bateri Penyelesaian Tekanan Tinggi Rendah CTC3.0 sebagai tiga teknologi teras, memaparkan hasil penyelidikan dan pembangunan dalaman selama 11 tahun yang telah didirikan.

Pada hari yang sama, Leapmotor mengumumkan bahawa pembelian tambahan saham pelaburan ekuiti FAW telah diluluskan oleh Suruhanjaya Sekuriti dan pendaftaran telah disiapkan, saham syarikat kerajaan China FAW secara rasmi menjadi pemegang saham strategik dengan 5% kepentingan. Selain 3.744 bilion yuan, Leapmotor sebenarnya mendapat jaminan kredit syarikat kerajaan, dan sumber industri sistem di belakang kumpulan syarikat kerajaan.

Hari pengesahan identiti dan hari pelengkapan teknologi bertembung, tidak begitu seperti kebetulan. Arah kerjasama yang ditulis semasa penandatanganan kontrak antara kedua-dua pihak pada Disember tahun lalu ialah pembangunan bersama enjin hibrid soket dan enjin julang jarak, manakala Leapmotor pada hari itu membentangkan, adalah enjin MM-i hibrid soket pertama sendiri. Dari projek Hongqi membayar yuran lisensi platform kepada Leapmotor, hingga paten CTC3.0 dibuka sumber ke seluruh industri, Leapmotor sedang mengambil benda yang dikumpul selama 11 tahun, dari produk sendiri, diletakkan di rak industri.

Apakah sebenarnya keyakinan Leapmotor?

Soalan pertama yang perlu dijawab pada Hari Teknologi ini ialah apa maksud dua perkataan "keyakinan".

Pendiri, Pengerusi, CEO Leapmotor Technology Zhu Jiangming menerangkan situasi industri kereta domestik dan jenama tenaga baharu pada tahun 2026, pada fasa industri yang menghadapi cabaran, penjualan bulanan Leapmotor mencecah 100,000 kenderaan, untung berterusan selama tiga semester berturut-turut, menunjukkan berat dan kepentingan. Berani membincang pelaburan dalam pasaran yang mengecut sendiri memerlukan asas.

Asas pertama ialah ketumpatan penyelidikan dan pembangunan. Leapmotor总共 10,000 pekerja, yang membuat penyelidikan pembangunan ialah 8,500 orang, jualan, sumber manusia, kewangan, awam jumlahnya 1,500 orang.

Asas kedua ialah penyelidikan dan pembuatan dalaman secara menyeluruh dan mendalam, mengawalnya sendiri 65% kos kenderaan penuh, telah membina 18 buah kilang komponen, kadar kebolehgunaan platform 90%. Tetapi Zhu Jiangming memberikan satu garis dasar kepada model ini, komponen teras yang direka dan dihasilkan sendiri, PPM dan 3mis mesti lebih baik daripada pembekal, hanya kemudian dimasukkan ke pasaran. Pertama pastikan kualiti lebih baik, seterusnya kos lebih optimum. Pernyataan ini menjawab secara langsung keraguan luaran terhadap integrasi menegak yang paling biasa, penyelidikan sendiri bukan untuk jimat wang, tetapi untuk memegang kualiti dalam tangan sendiri.

Asas ketiga inilah sebenar keyakinan, teknologi ini sudah ada yang membayar. Sistem elektronik bekerjasama luaran 5 syarikat, sistem elektrikal mendapat 8 pengesahan kilang utama, sistem bateri kerjasama luaran 10 syarikat.

Bukti paling kukuh ialah Hongqi G117. Mac 2025, pengumuman platform tender elektronik FAW, pembangunan bersama kenderaan penuh untuk produk jenama Hongqi G117 dan pembelian teknologi yuran lisensi platform, pembeli ialah Leapmotor Zhejiang. Satu kilang kenderaan penuh membayar yuran lisensi platform kepada kilang kenderaan penuh lain, tindakan ini sendiri adalah pengiktirafan identiti, ia lebih menjelaskan peranan yang dimainkan Leapmotor dalam industri berbanding mana-mana penjenamaan diri.

Taruhan 2027

LEAP 5.0 bukan disediakan untuk model sedia ada, ia bertaruh pada sebuah jenama yang belum lahir.

Arkitektur dibahagikan kepada dua lapisan fizikal dan elektronik. Lapisan fizikal mengikut tiga arah XYZ serentak membesarkan kabin, penyatuan pendingin udara super diintegrasikan dengan enjin kuasa kemudian ditukar untuk meningkatkan panjang kabin 19%, susun atur penyerap getap tegak ditambah pembungkusan penyerap getap kecil membolehkan lebar kaki hadapan meningkat 37.5%, lantai rata rendah ditambah siling pintar semula jadi membolehkan ketinggian kabin meningkat 63.7%, akhirnya menghasilkan kadar penggunaan ruang melebihi 100%. Lapisan elektronik ialah Semanggi 5.0, bekalan kuasa 48V seluruh kenderaan, rangkaian seluruh kenderaan, Kenderaan-Awan AgentOS, domina tengah membuat keputusan, domina lain hanya melaksana, kabel seluruh kenderaan ditekan dalam 500 meter.

Ketua barisan produk kenderaan penuh Leapmotor Technology Cao Li menerangkan spesies baharu ini lebih jelas, ia mungkin menggantikan fungsi sebahagian hotel, situasi perkhemahan, rehat sementara, bahkan kedai kopi dan restoran untuk bekerja dan bersantai. Prasyarat yang dia tekankan perlu diberi perhatian, sifat terkuat jenama kedua pertama sekali menyelesaikan masalah pemanduan bantuan peringkat tinggi.

Ini juga menjelaskan mengapa Leapmotor menetapkan satu indikator keras untuk panduan pintar, Zhu Jiangming berkata matlamat adalah mencapai 100 kilometer tanpa campur tangan di bandar pada akhir tahun ini.

Jenama kedua mula ditampilkan dan dibekalkan pada Suku ke-4 2027. Leapmotor sekarang penjualan bulanan 100,000+ kenderaan, juluk utama jualan dalam 100,000 hingga 200,000, ini adalah tindakan ke atas yang jelas.

Kadar penggunaan ruang 100% adalah situasi yang patut difikirkan, adakah ia boleh berubah dari konsep pelancaran kepada sebab pengguna berbesar hati mengeluarkan wang, perlu menunggu tahun 2027 untuk ada jawapan.

Memaksa Pemanduan Pintar ke 100,000

Laluan Leapmotor membuat panduan pintar adalah terbalik. Orang lain menaikkan harga menggunakan kekuatan pengiraan dan bilangan orang, Leapmotor mahu masukkan keupayaan sama ke dalam seluruh model.

Ciri Pemanduan Pintar Model Dunia LWM cukup dengan menjelaskan tiga perkara, tidak bergantung pada pengesanan BEV, tidak bergantung pada kod peraturan, LiDAR hanya untuk redundansi keselamatan. Model asas awan bertanggungjawab untuk pembelajaran dan inferens, model masa nyata hujung kenderaan bertanggungjawab untuk keputusan, peraturan hanya memberi dasar kepada undang-undang jalan raya seperti lampu isyarat merah hijau, kuantiti kod berkurang 90%. Kekuatan pengiraan boleh diletakkan pada 200, 640, 1280 TOPS pelbagai platform, keputusannya adalah pemanduan bantuan peringkat tinggi turun ke model di bawah 100,000 termasuk A10.

Ketua barisan produk elektronik Leapmotor Technology Zhou Hongtao mengemukakan pendapatnya sendiri, dia tidak bersetuju panduan pintar perluhabiskan wang dan orang untuk buat, sebab kebanyakkan rakan sejawat yang sebelum ini melabur ribuan orang kini sedang mengurangkan secara besar-besaran. Penilaian ini dan laluan Leapmotor adalah selari, oleh kerana tidak boleh tukar orang untuk masa, hanya boleh cari ruang dikecekapan algoritma.

Leapmotor telah menjual 350,000 kenderaan model LiDAR versi model dunia dinaik taraf secara percuma dan guna seumur hidup percuma, di antaranya lebih 10,000 unit pertama menggunakan platform OrinX, manakala Leapmotor sekarang menggunakan platform Qualcomm 8650 sebagai utama, pemindahan dianggap membangunkan semula satu set algoritma. Zhu Jiangming menceritakan proses keputusan, lebih 10,000 pengguna lama membeli awal, cip AI mahal, habiskan banyak wang menyokong Leapmotor, beli tetapi sukar digunakan, hati akan sedih, jadi lebih rela habiskan tenaga untuk naikkan.

Mengenai mengejar Tesla FSD, jawapannya sangat cerdik. Tiada perbandingan dengan Tesla, kereta China tidak boleh pergi ke Amerika, FSD juga sukar dilaksanakan di China, ini tiada penyelesaian, apa sahaja kata boleh, kerana tiada yang boleh disamai.

Pemanduan pintar nak mencairkan kos mesti naikkan jumlah, Leapmotor jalan menggunakan skala untuk pertutaran. Kos jalan ini adalah lambat, kebaikannya apabila berjaya, liputannya akan lebih besar daripada orang lain.

Melengkapkan bahagian Hibrid Soket

MM-i melengkapkan bukan sekadar bentuk kuasa, ia dari hari definisi ditujukan ke luar negara.

Ketua barisan produk elektrikal Leapmotor Technology Wu Cun menjelaskan penjenamaan dengan sangat langsung: Utamanya di luar negara. Sebab fasiliti pengecasan luar negara ketinggalan, pasaran hibrid masih ada 5 hingga 10 tahun atau lebih lama lagi, pengguna luar negara menuntut keupayaan pecutan sederhana hingga laju lebih tinggi, sedangkan Toyota dan Honda iMMD lemah pada sederhana hingga laju. Dia beri satu perbandingan, pecutan kereta serumpun 80 hingga 120 km/j biasanya 8 saat, Leapmotor boleh capai 4.5 saat. Hakikat tenaga baharu bukan untuk membuang enjin dalaman, tetapi untuk kurangkan karbon. Jika hibrid boleh bawa pengalaman elektrik penuh, dan boleh kurangkan pelepasan karbon, itu adalah teknologi tenaga baharu.

Namun tahun ini beberapa jenama domestik ada persetujuan, model hibrid bateri kecil dalam negara masih ada pasaran dan sudah ada beberapa model mula masuk pasaran, tidak mengecualikan Leapmotor akan menggaungkan di dalam negara.

Dengan pelancaran MM-i, Leapmotor selesai susun atur kuasa penuh elektrik, julang, hibrid soket, merangkum kelas A0 hingga D. Jalur keluar negara juga bersambung, produk telah masuk 45 negara dan wilayah dunia, kedai luar negara melebihi 1,000, eksport kumulatif selama dua tahun keluar negara melebihi 200,000 unit,

Strategi Khas Leapmotor

Leapmotor yang dijual bukan komponen, tetapi satu set pelan yang sudah berjaya.

Zhu Jiangming menjelaskan model bekalan luar dengan jelas, bersama FAW dan Stellantis semuanya kerjasama paras platform, kongsi platform. Cara pelaksanaan ada dua, satu di kilang Leapmotor dihasilkan, satu di kilang sendiri rakan kongsi dihasilkan, tetapi Leapmotor menyediakan pakej bateri, elektrikal, semua pengawal, lampu kereta, dll komponen teras. Penilaiannya adalah pakej teras ini daripada orang lain sendiri pilih banyak pembekal sekurang-kurangnya jimat 1,000 hingga 2,000 yuan, dan laju, masa penyesuaian pendek, risiko lebih kecil.

Perlu diambil perhatian Leapmotor mengumumkan paten berkaitan penyelesaian tekanan tinggi rendah dibuka sumber ke seluruh industri. Kilang kenderaan penuh biasanya anggap paten sebagai parit perlindungan, syarikat yang mahu buka sumber mahukan industri ikut standard sendiri, ini sudah pemikiran pembekal.

Bila bercakap masalah kerjasama keluar negara, ini tunjukkan skala pandangan Zhu Jiangming, dia cakap kereta mesti jalan tempatan, dengan syarikat kereta domestik juga ada ruang kerjasama, contohnya di Thailand sudah banyak syarikat kereta China bina kilang, Leapmotor harap tidak bina kilang berulang, boleh guna kilang mereka paling baik, kurangkan pelaburan berulang. Ini dengan yang Leapmotor selalu menekankan sistem keluar negara adalah pemikiran yang sama, daripada masing-masing bina kilang sekali lagi, lebih baik guna kapasiti sedia ada.

Bila bercakap robot pintar embodied, Zhu Jiangming sangat pragmatik. Dia sebut robot berbentuk manusia masih pada tahap sangat awal, sekarang boleh lari, tapi untuk kerja masih ada proses pertumbuhan panjang, jangka pendek tidak jadikan robot manusia sebagai fokus. Dia lebih hargai robot pintar embodied bukan manusia, bentuk boleh berubah, standar penilaian sama ada boleh selesaikan kerja, kos boleh lebih rendah.

Pandangan Tajam: Teknologi dan Inovasi adalah Keyakinan Menghadap Masa Depan

Benda yang diterbitkan Hari Teknologi ini tidak sedikit, yang benar-benar perlu diperhatikan ialah tujuan mereka, sebahagian untuk jenama kedua 2027, sebahagian dijual kepada pemegang saham seperti FAW, sebahagian terus dibuka sumber ke seluruh industri.

Sikap Zhu Jiangming terhadap persaingan sangat terang, dia cakap persaingan tak boleh elak, hanya persaingan yang boleh dorong kemajuan perusahaan, biar pengguna bayar lebih sedikit dapat produk lebih baik, tapi dia bawa prasyarat, jangan bersaing di internet, benar-benar buat persaingan kekuatan produk.

Tiga garis ditaruh serentak, ekuiti FAW dan sinkronisasi enjin kuasa, saluran luar negara Stellantis, jenama kedua pada Suku ke-4 2027 ke atas.

Cabaran juga nyata. Kata sendiri Zhu Jiangming adalah berfikir bahaya dalam keadaan selamat, semua perkara mustahil lancar, industri telah masuk pertumbuhan negatif, semakin besar skala, naik satu langkah suka akan semakin besar.

Zhu Jiangming berkata: "Teknologi dan inovasi adalah keyakinan perusahaan menghadap masa depan, dan juga daya saing teras yang paling penting."